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Ukuguqulwa Kwefomula Yesikhumba Se-PVC Esingenalo Ilangabi Esibuyela Emuva

Ukuguqulwa Kwefomula Yesikhumba Se-PVC Esingenalo Ilangabi Esibuyela Emuva

Isingeniso

Iklayenti likhiqiza isikhumba se-PVC esigcina ilangabi kanye ne-antimony trioxide (Sb₂O₃) esetshenziswa ngaphambilini. Manje bahlose ukususa i-Sb₂O₃ bese beshintshela ku-halogen-free flame retardants. Ukwakheka kwamanje kufaka phakathi i-PVC, i-DOP, i-EPOXY, i-BZ-500, i-ST, i-HICOAT-410, kanye ne-antimony. Ukushintsha kusuka ku-antimony-based PVC leather form kuya ku-halogen-free flame-retardant system kumele ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwezobuchwepheshe. Lolu shintsho alugcini nje ngokuthobela imithethonqubo yezemvelo eqinile (isib. i-RoHS, i-REACH) kodwa futhi luthuthukisa isithombe "esiluhlaza" somkhiqizo kanye nokuncintisana emakethe.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko

  1. Ukulahlekelwa Umphumela Wokubambisana:
    • I-Sb₂O₃ ayiyona into evimbela ilangabi enamandla ngokwayo kodwa ibonisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu yokuvimbela ilangabi ngokusebenzisana ne-chlorine ku-PVC, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle. Ukususa i-antimony kudinga ukuthola uhlelo oluhlukile olungenayo i-halogen oluphinda lokhu kuxhumana.
  2. Ukusebenza kahle kokubuyisa ilangabi:
    • Izinto ezivimbela ilangabi ezingenayo i-halogen zivame ukudinga imithwalo ephezulu ukuze kufezwe izilinganiso ezilinganayo zokuvinjelwa ilangabi (isb., i-UL94 V-0), okungathinta izakhiwo zemishini (ubumnene, amandla okudonsa, ukunwebeka), ukusebenza kokucubungula, kanye nezindleko.
  3. Izici Zesikhumba se-PVC:
    • Isikhumba se-PVC sidinga ukuthamba okuhle kakhulu, ukuzwakala kwesandla, ukuqeda ubuso (ukugqama, ukucwebezela), ukumelana nesimo sezulu, ukumelana nokufuduka, kanye nokuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi. Ukwakheka okusha kumele kugcine noma kuhambisane eduze nalezi zakhiwo.
  4. Ukusebenza Kokucubungula:
    • Ukulayisha okuphezulu kwama-filler angenawo ama-halogen (isb., i-ATH) kungathinta ukugeleza kokuncibilika kanye nokuqina kokucubungula.
  5. Izinto Okucatshangelwayo Ngezindleko:
    • Ezinye izinto ezigcina ilangabi ezingenayo i-halogen zibiza kakhulu, okudinga ibhalansi phakathi kokusebenza kanye nezindleko.

Isu Lokukhetha Izinhlelo Ezivimbela Umlilo Ezingenalo I-Halogen (zesikhumba Sokwenziwa se-PVC)

1. Izinto Ezivimbela Amalangabi Eziyinhloko – Ama-Metal Hydroxide

  • I-Aluminium Trihydroxide (ATH):
    • Okuvame kakhulu, okungabizi kakhulu.
    • Indlela: Ukubola kwe-Endothermic (~200°C), kukhulula umhwamuko wamanzi ukuze kuncishiswe amagesi avuthayo nomoya-mpilo ngenkathi kwakha ungqimba oluvikelayo.
    • Izithiyo: Ukusebenza kahle okuphansi, umthwalo omningi odingekayo (40–70 phr), kunciphisa kakhulu ukuthamba, ukunwebeka, kanye nokucutshungulwa; izinga lokushisa lokubola liphansi.
  • I-Magnesium Hydroxide (MDH):
    • Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokubola (~340°C), lifaneleka kangcono ekucutshungulweni kwe-PVC (160–200°C).
    • Izithiyo: Kudingeka umthwalo ophezulu ofanayo (40-70 phr); izindleko eziphakeme kancane kune-ATH; kungaba nokumuncwa komswakama okuphezulu.

Isu:

  • Khetha i-MDH noma ingxube ye-ATH/MDH (isb., 70/30) ukuze ulinganisele izindleko, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokushisa kokucubungula, kanye nokuvinjelwa komlilo.
  • I-ATH/MDH ehlungiwe ngaphezulu (isb., ehlanganiswe nge-silane) ithuthukisa ukuhambisana ne-PVC, inciphisa ukuwohloka kwesakhiwo, futhi ithuthukisa ukugcinwa komlilo.

2. Ama-Synergists Avimbela Amalangabi

Ukuze kuncishiswe umthwalo oyinhloko ovimbela ilangabi futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, ama-synergists abalulekile:

  • Izinto Ezivimbela Ilangabe Le-Phosphorus-Nitrogen: Zilungele izinhlelo ze-PVC ezingenayo i-halogen.
    • I-Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP): Ikhuthaza ukusha, yakha ungqimba lokuvikela olungaphakathi.
      • Qaphela: Sebenzisa amazinga amelana nokushisa okuphezulu (isb., Isigaba II, >280°C) ukuze ugweme ukubola ngesikhathi sokucubungula. Amanye ama-APP angathinta ukubonakala kanye nokumelana namanzi.
    • I-Aluminium Diethylphosphinate (ADP): Isebenza kahle kakhulu, ilayisha kancane (5–20 phr), ithinta kancane izakhiwo, izinzile kahle ekushiseni.
      • Inkinga: Izindleko eziphezulu.
    • Ama-Phosphate Esters (isb., i-RDP, i-BDP, i-TCPP): Asebenza njengezinto ezivimbela ilangabi ukuthi lishiswe ngepulasitiki.
      • Izinzuzo: Indima ekabili (i-plasticizer + i-flame retardant).
      • Okubi: Ama-molecule amancane (isb., i-TCPP) angathutha/aguquguquke; i-RDP/BDP inokusebenza kahle kwe-plasticizing okuphansi kune-DOP futhi inganciphisa ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi.
  • I-Zinc Borate (ZB):
    • Ishibhile, inemisebenzi eminingi (evimbela ilangabi, evimbela intuthu, ekhuthaza i-char, evimbela ukuconsa). Isebenzisana kahle nezinhlelo ze-ATH/MDH kanye ne-phosphorus-nitrogen. Ukulayisha okuvamile: 3–10 phr.
  • I-Zinc Stannate/i-Hydroxy Stannate:
    • Izithiyo zokucindezela intuthu ezinhle kakhulu kanye nezithiyo zokuvumelanisa ezivimbela ilangabi, ikakhulukazi kuma-polymer aqukethe i-chlorine (isb., i-PVC). Ingathatha indawo yendima yokuvumelanisa i-antimony ngokwengxenye. Ukulayisha okuvamile: 2–8 phr.
  • Ama-Compound e-Molybdenum (isb., i-MoO₃, i-Ammonium Molybdate):
    • Izinto ezicindezela intuthu ezinamandla ezihambisana nokubuyisa ilangabi. Ukulayisha okuvamile: 2–5 phr.
  • Ama-Nano Fillers (isb., i-Nanoclay):
    • Umthwalo ophansi (3–8 phr) uthuthukisa ukubambezeleka komlilo (ukwakheka kwe-char, izinga lokukhululwa kokushisa eliphansi) kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Ukuhlakazeka kubalulekile.

3. Izinto Zokucindezela Intuthu

I-PVC ikhiqiza intuthu enkulu ngesikhathi sokusha. Izakhi ezingenayo i-halogen zivame ukudinga ukucindezelwa kwentuthu. I-Zinc borate, i-zinc stannate, kanye nama-molybdenum compounds kuyizinketho ezinhle kakhulu.

Ukwakhiwa Okungavimbeli Umlilo Okuhlongozwayo Okungenayo I-Halogen (Kususelwa Ekwakheni Kwasekuqaleni Kweklayenti)

Inhloso: Finyelela i-UL94 V-0 (1.6 mm noma ubukhulu) ngenkathi ugcina ukuthamba, ukucutshungulwa, kanye nezakhiwo ezibalulekile.

Izinkolelo:

  • Ukwakheka kokuqala:
    • I-DOP: 50–70 phr (i-plasticizer).
    • ST: Cishe i-stearic acid (isithambisi).
    • I-HICOAT-410: Isiqinisi se-Ca/Zn.
    • I-BZ-500: Cishe i-lubricant/i-processing aid (ukuqinisekisa).
    • I-EPOXY: Uwoyela wesoya oxutshwe ne-epoxidized (i-co-stabilizer/i-plasticizer).
    • I-Antimony: Sb₂O₃ (ezosuswa).

1. Uhlaka Lokwakheka Olunconyiwe (nge-resin ye-PVC engu-100 phr)

Ingxenye Umsebenzi Iyalayisha (phr) Amanothi
I-PVC Resin I-polymer eyisisekelo 100 Isisindo sama-molecule esimaphakathi/esiphezulu sokucubungula/izakhiwo ezilinganiselayo.
I-Plasticizer Eyinhloko Ukuthamba 40–60 Inketho A (Izindleko/Ibhalansi Yokusebenza): I-phosphate ester engaphelele (isb., i-RDP/BDP, 10–20 phr) + i-DOTP/DINP (30–50 phr). Inketho B (Ukubaluleka Kokushisa Okuphansi): i-DOTP/DINP (50–70 phr) + i-PN evimbela ilangabi esebenza kahle (isb., i-ADP, 10–15 phr). Umgomo: Qondanisa ukuthamba kwasekuqaleni.
Isivimbeli Somlilo Esiyinhloko Ukuphelelwa yilangatye, ukucindezela intuthu 30–50 Ingxube ye-MDH noma i-MDH/ATH ehlanzwe phezulu (isb., 70/30). Ubumsulwa obukhulu, usayizi wezinhlayiya ezincane, ihlanzwe phezulu. Lungisa umthwalo ukuze ungabi sengozini yomlilo oqondiwe.
I-PN Synergist Ukuqina komlilo okusebenzayo kakhulu, ukukhushulwa kwe-char 10–20 Ukukhetha 1: I-APP enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (Isigaba II). Ukukhetha 2: I-ADP (ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukulayisha okuphansi, izindleko eziphezulu). Ukukhetha 3: Ama-Plasticizer e-Phosphate ester (RDP/BDP) – lungisa uma esevele esetshenziswa njenge-plasticizer.
Isicindezeli Somusi/Isiqeda Ukubhema Ukunciphisa ukushiswa komlilo okuthuthukisiwe, ukunciphisa intuthu 5–15 Inhlanganisela enconyiwe: i-Zinc borate (5–10 phr) + i-zinc stannate (3–8 phr). Ongakukhetha: i-MoO₃ (2–5 phr).
Isiqinisi se-Ca/Zn (HICOAT-410) Ukuqina kokushisa 2.0–4.0 Kubalulekile! Kungase kudingeke umthwalo ophezulu kancane uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo ze-Sb₂O₃.
Uwoyela weSoya ofakwe i-Epoxidized (EPOXY) Isiqinisi esihlangene, ipulasitiki 3.0–8.0 Gcina ukuze kuhlale kuzinzile futhi kusebenze kahle ekushiseni okuphansi.
Izinto zokugcoba Usizo lokucubungula, ukukhululwa kwesikhunta 1.0–2.5 I-ST (i-stearic acid): 0.5–1.5 phr. BZ-500: 0.5–1.0 phr (lungisa ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi). Lungiselela ukulayisha okuphezulu kokugcwalisa.
Usizo Lokucubungula (isb., i-ACR) Amandla okuncibilikisa, ukugeleza 0.5–2.0 Kubalulekile ekwakhiweni okugcwala kakhulu. Kuthuthukisa ukuqeda kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu.
Ezinye Izithasiselo Njengoba kudingeka – Izinto zokufaka imibala, izinto eziqinisa i-UV, izinto ezibulala amagciwane, njll.

2. Ukwakhiwa Kwesibonelo (Kudinga Ukuthuthukiswa)

Ingxenye Uhlobo Iyalayisha (phr)
I-PVC Resin Inani le-K ~65–70 100.0
I-Plasticizer Eyinhloko I-DOTP/DINP 45.0
I-Plasticizer ye-Phosphate Ester I-RDP 15.0
I-MDH Ephathwe Ngaphezulu – 40.0
Uhlelo Lokusebenza Olusezingeni Eliphezulu Isigaba II 12.0
I-Zinc Borate ZB 8.0
I-Zinc Stannate ZS 5.0
Isiqinisi se-Ca/Zn I-HICOAT-410 3.5
Uwoyela weSoya ofakwe i-Epoxidized I-EPOXY 5.0
I-Stearic Acid ST 1.0
I-BZ-500 Isithambisi 1.0
Usizo Lokucubungula lwe-ACR – 1.5
Izinto zokufaka imibala, njll. – Njengoba kudingeka

Izinyathelo Ezibalulekile Zokusebenzisa

  1. Qinisekisa Imininingwane Yezinto Ezingavuthiwe:
    • Cacisa ubunikazi bamakhemikhaliI-BZ-500futhiST(bheka amaphepha edatha omhlinzeki).
    • Qinisekisa ukulayishwa okuqondile kweI-DOP,I-EPOXY, futhiI-HICOAT-410.
    • Chaza izidingo zeklayenti: Ukuphelelwa yilangabe okuqondiwe (isb., ukujiya kwe-UL94), ubumnene (ubulukhuni), ukusetshenziswa (izimoto, ifenisha, izikhwama?), izidingo ezikhethekile (ukumelana nokubanda, ukuqina kwe-UV, ukumelana nokuklwebheka?), imikhawulo yezindleko.
  2. Khetha Amazinga Athile Avimbela Umlilo:
    • Cela amasampula angenalo i-halogen agcina ilangabi aklanyelwe isikhumba se-PVC kubaphakeli.
    • Beka phambili i-ATH/MDH ehlanzwe ebusweni ukuze kusabalale kangcono.
    • Ku-APP, sebenzisa amamaki amelana nokushisa okuphezulu.
    • Kuma-ester e-phosphate, khetha i-RDP/BDP kune-TCPP ukuze kufuduke kancane.
  3. Ukuhlolwa Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezinga Lelebhu:
    • Lungisa amaqoqo amancane anemithwalo ehlukahlukene (isib., lungisa izilinganiso ze-MDH/APP/ZB/ZS).
    • Ukuxuba: Sebenzisa abaxubi abanesivinini esikhulu (isib. iHenschel) ukuze usakazeke ngokulinganayo. Faka uketshezi (ama-plasticizer, ama-stabilizer) kuqala, bese kuba yimpuphu.
    • Izilingo Zokucubungula: Hlola imishini yokukhiqiza (isb., i-Banbury mixer + i-calendaring). Qapha isikhathi sokufakelwa kwe-plaster, i-viscosity yokuncibilikisa, i-torque, ikhwalithi yobuso.
    • Ukuhlolwa Kokusebenza:
      • Ukumelana nomlilo: UL94, LOI.
      • Izakhiwo zemishini: Ukuqina (uMfula A), amandla okunamathela, ukunwebeka.
      • Ukuthamba/ukuzizwa kwesandla: Ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni kanye nokwengqondo.
      • Ukuguquguquka kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi: Ukuhlolwa kokugoba okubandayo.
      • Ukuqina kokushisa: Ukuhlolwa okubomvu kweCongo.
      • Ukubukeka: Umbala, ukucwebezela, ukugqama.
      • (Ongakukhetha) Ubuningi bentuthu: Igumbi lentuthu le-NBS.
  4. Ukuxazulula Izinkinga Nokulinganisela:
Inkinga Isixazululo
Ukulibaziseka komlilo okunganele Khulisa i-MDH/ATH noma i-APP; engeza i-ADP; lungiselela i-ZB/ZS; qinisekisa ukusabalala.
Izakhiwo ezimbi zemishini (isb., ukunwebeka okuphansi) Nciphisa i-MDH/ATH; khulisa i-PN synergist; sebenzisa ama-filler ahlanzwe ebusweni; lungisa ama-plasticizer.
Ubunzima bokucubungula (ukuthamba okuphezulu, ubuso obubi) Lungisa amafutha; khulisa i-ACR; hlola ukuxuba; lungisa amazinga okushisa/isivinini.
Izindleko eziphezulu Lungiselela ukulayisha; sebenzisa izingxube ze-ATH/MDH ezingabizi kakhulu; hlola ezinye izindlela.
  1. Ukuhlolwa Nokukhiqizwa: Ngemva kokwenziwa ngcono kwelebhu, yenza izivivinyo zokuhlolwa ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza, ukuhambisana, kanye nezindleko. Khulisa kuphela ngemva kokuqinisekiswa.

Isiphetho

Ukushintsha kusuka esikhumbeni se-PVC esisekelwe ku-antimony kuya kwesikhumba se-halogen esivimbela ilangabi kungenzeka kodwa kudinga ukuthuthukiswa okuhlelekile. Indlela eyinhloko ihlanganisa ama-hydroxide ensimbi (okungcono kakhulu i-MDH ephathwe ubuso), ama-synergists e-phosphorus-nitrogen (i-APP noma i-ADP), kanye nama-smoke suppressants amaningi (i-zinc borate, i-zinc stannate). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwenza ngcono ama-plasticizer, ama-stabilizer, ama-lubricant, kanye nezinsiza zokucubungula kubalulekile.

Izihluthulelo Zempumelelo:

  1. Chaza izinhloso ezicacile kanye nemingcele (ukuvimbela ilangabi, izakhiwo, izindleko).
  2. Khetha izinto ezivimbela ilangabi ezingenayo i-halogen (izigcwalisi ezihlanzwe ebusweni, i-APP eshisa kakhulu).
  3. Yenza ukuhlolwa okuqinile kwelabhorethri (ukungasebenzi kahle komlilo, izakhiwo, ukucubungula).
  4. Qinisekisa ukuxubana okufanayo kanye nokuhambisana kwenqubo.

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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-12-2025
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